![]() Maternally transferred antibodies were also recently shown to control the homeostatic number of colonic regulatory T (Treg) cells across generations ( Ramanan et al., 2020). This notwithstanding, vertical transfer of bacterial products via antibodies during pregnancy was shown to modulate the maturation of the intestinal immune system in the offspring ( Gomez de Aguero et al., 2016). Maternal transfer of bacterial species during pregnancy and pre-weaning is responsible for determining the offspring’s microbiota profile, which in turn influences immune responses later in life ( Al Nabhani et al., 2019 Tanaka and Nakayama, 2017 Wampach et al., 2018), even if strong causal relationships are yet to be demonstrated. The development of the immune system is particularly sensitive to maternally derived factors. In summary, maternal γδ T cells control the establishment of a neonatal gut–lung axis by conditioning the postnatal microbial colonization of the off-spring and bacterial-derived metabolite availability ultimately impacting on the development of pulmonary type-2 immunity in the offspring. Importantly, antibiotic treatment abrogated the differences observed in the pulmonary milieu, and exogenous SCFA supplementation suppressed first-breath- and infection-induced inflammation. These differences were accompanied by changes in the intestinal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) profile. Despite similar levels of circulating antibodies in mothers and progeny, the intestinal microbiota in the offspring of TCRδ -/- and TCRδ +/- dams harbored distinct bacterial communities acquired during birth and fostering. ![]() Critically, this was independent of the genotype of the pups. In addition, upon helminth infection, mice born from TCRδ -/- dams sustained an increased type-2 inflammatory response. ![]() Here we found that mice born from γδ T cell-deficient (TCRδ -/-) dams display, early after birth, a pulmonary milieu selectively enriched in type-2 cytokines such as IL-33, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and type-2-polarized immune cells, when compared to the progeny of γδ T cell-sufficient dams. ![]() We reasoned γδ T cells to be attractive candidates based on their tissue distribution pattern: abundant in the skin, mammary glands and female reproductive tract. However, beyond antibody-producing B cells, little is known about the role of other cell subsets of the maternal immune system in regulating offspring immunity. Immune system development is greatly influenced by vertically transferred cues. ![]()
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